Monday, December 31, 2012

Using have to, supposed to, and ought to


Using have to, supposed to, and ought to Have to is the same as must. It implies that you don't have a choice.
John has to go to work everyday.
The students have to study tonight.
To be supposed to means an obligation. It is something that you should do, or something that another person expects you to do. Don't forget to use the verb be in front of supposed to.
Sally is supposed to meet her friend tonight.
All of the employees are supposed to attend today's meeting.
Ought to means a suggestion. You should do something but you don't have to do it.
We ought to clean the house tonight.
Phillip ought to help you with your homework.
(Notice that all of these words are modals. They are followed by a verb.)
***
You may feel confused about the slight differences between these words. Just think about what the speaker is implying.
I have to do my homework. (If I don't, will be in trouble.)
I am supposed to do my homework. (If I don't, my teacher will notice that I didn't do it.)
I ought to do my homework. (I don't have to if I don't want to, but I feel I should do it because I want to do well in the class.)

Check Your Understanding
Choose the best answer. 1. Willy needs money to pay for his food and house. If he doesn't go to work, he won't have money. He must work. Willy ___ go to work.
a. ought to
b. has to
c. is supposed to

2. Johnny should help his mother with the housework. His mother would be happy if he did. But if he didn't help her, his mother wouldn't feel bad.
Johnny ___ help his mother.
a. ought to
b. has to
c. is supposed to

3. Joan want to be a nurse. To become a nurse it is necessary to go to nursing school.
Joan ___ go to nursing school if she wants to be a nurse.
a. has to
b. is supposed to
c. ought to

4. Tom's friend is waiting for him at the gym. They made plans to meet at 6:00. His friend will be upset if Tom doesn't go.
Tom ___ meet his friend.
a. ought to
b. has to
c. is supposed to

5. Lisa tells Nathan that he would be a good manager. She suggests that he apply for a job as a manager. Nathan is going to think about that.
Lisa thinks Nathan ___ be a manager
a. ought to
b. is supposed to
c. has to


Saturday, December 29, 2012

Prepositions: Definition and Usage


Prepositions: Definition and Usage

     A preposition may be defined as connecting word showing the
relation of a noun or a noun substitute to some other word in the
sentence (the squirrel in the tree; the preposition in shows the
relationship between the squirrel and the tree.).
Over ninety percent of preposition usage involves these nine
prepositions:
               with           at             by
               to             in             for
               from           of             on

     Prepositions cause problems because sometimes they can be used
interchangeably (He sat on the chair: He sat in the chair), because
prepositions are often combined with verbs to create phrasal verbs
(to look after someone; to look down on someone), and because a
single preposition can be used to express several different ideas
(He is tall for his age; I swam for an hour).

     The most efficient method of study is to familiarize yourself
with prepositions and prepositional phrases through practice and
memorization.  This is particularly helpful for the bilingual
student, who often seems to find preposition usage one of the most
difficult parts of the English language.


Uses of Common Prepositions

Prepositions are used to express a number of relationships, including time, location, manner, means, quantity, purpose, and state or condition. The following outline demonstrates the uses of common prepositions.

A. TIME

about: about noon (approximately) after: after the game at: at five o'clock after lunch at last (finally) after three by: by midnight (no later than) for: for an hour (duration) from: from Monday to Friday in: in the morning of: a quarter of three (15 in the fall minutes before) in April on: on Tuesday (day of the week) in 1987 on May 8 (date) in six months (at the end of) on time (punctual) in time (early enough) past: a quarter past three (15 to: a quarter to three (15 minutes minutes after) before)

B. PLACE OR DIRECTION

around: She walked around the car. at: They are at home. down: They lived down the hall. We were at the restaurant. from: We immigrated from Peru He smiled at her. in 1991. in: He lives in a trailer. The restaurant is one We waited in the bus. mile from here. inside: Put it inside the house. of: We moved south of Montreal on: We sat on the ocean pier. through: They drove through the tunnel. She left on the train. to: He went to Prague. up: He walked up the stairs. Give it to me. with: He went with me.

C. MEANS OR AGENT

by: He was hit by a ball. from: His success results from She came by train. careful planning. He did it by hard work. in: He takes pleasure in it. It came by special delivery. on: They live on bread and water. He got there by swimming. with: He chased the mongoose with a stick.

D. MANNER

by: By doing it yourself, you in: He left in confusion. save time. The room was in a turmoil. like: He looks like a hero. You can do it in a day. on: I swear it on my word of honor. with: He ate it with a fork.

E. STATE OR CONDITION

at: My friend is at work. by: They are by themselves She is at home. (alone). in: He is in a state of on: He is on duty (scheduled to confusion. work). for: I mistook you for someone as: I see her as a good person. else.

F. QUANTITY OR MEASURE

for: We drove for twenty miles. by: We bought them by the kilo. We bought it for ten cents.

G. PURPOSE

for: He bought it for an emergency. She went to the city for sightseeing. He loved her for her thoughtfulness.  

Uses of Prepositions after Certain Verbs

 

account for agree on (something) agree with (someone) apologize to apply for approve of argue with (someone) ask for believe in belong to blame (someone) for (something) blame (something) on (someone) borrow from call on (upon) care for compliment (someone) on come from consent to consist of convince (someone) of (something) decide on (upon) depend on (upon) get rid of hear about hear from hear of insist on (upon) invite (someone) to laugh at
 
 

Uses of Prepositions with Certain Adjectives and in Idiomatic Expressions

according to accustomed to angry about (something) capable of composed of content with dependent on (upon) different from (than) disappointed in due to followed by fond of have respect for in accordance with

Here is a list of some prepositions:


aboardbeforefailingontill
aboutbehindforon top ofto
abovebelowfromontotoward(s)
absentbeneathopposite
according tobeside(s)inoutunder
acrossbetweenin betweenout ofunderneath
afterbeyondin front ofoutsideunlike
againstbutin spite ofoveruntil
ahead ofbyin view ofunto
all overby the time ofincludingpastup
alonginsidependingupon
along sidecircainstead ofper
amid or amidstclose byintoplusversus
amongclose tovia
aroundconcerninglessregarding
asconsideringlikerespectingwanting
as ofroundwhile
as todespiteminuswith
asidedownsavewithin
astridedue tonearsavingwithout
atduringnear tosimilar to
away fromnext tosince
exceptnotwithstanding
barexcept forthan
barringexceptingofthrough
because ofexcludingoffthroughout

Exercise on Prepositions – Place


Complete the exercise according to the picture.
  1. the picture, there are four people.
  2. A couple is sitting the table.
  3. They are sitting chairs.
  4. The drinks are the table.
  5. One woman is standing the table.
  6. her is a man who is barbecuing.


Exercise on Prepositions – Place

Exercise on Prepositions – Place

Complete the exercise according to the picture.
  1. the picture, I can see a woman.
  2. The woman is sitting a table.
  3. She is sitting a chair.
  4. There is another chair the woman.
  5. Her feet are the table
  6. The woman is holding a cup her hands.
  7. the table are a laptop, a paper, a calculator, an appointment calendar, two pens and a muffin.
  8. The woman is looking her laptop.
  9. The woman's bag is the table.


Prepositions – Time


English Usage Example
  • on
  • days of the week
  • on Monday
  • in
  • months / seasons
  • time of day
  • year
  • after a certain period of time (when?)
  • in August / in winter
  • in the morning
  • in 2006
  • in an hour
  • at
  • for night
  • for weekend
  • a certain point of time (when?)
  • at night
  • at the weekend
  • at half past nine
  • since
  • from a certain point of time (past till now)
  • since 1980
  • for
  • over a certain period of time (past till now)
  • for 2 years
  • ago
  • a certain time in the past
  • 2 years ago
  • before
  • earlier than a certain point of time
  • before 2004
  • to
  • telling the time
  • ten to six (5:50)
  • past
  • telling the time
  • ten past six (6:10)
  • to / till / until
  • marking the beginning and end of a period of time
  • from Monday to/till Friday
  • till / until
  • in the sense of how long something is going to last
  • He is on holiday until Friday.
  • by
  • in the sense of at the latest
  • up to a certain time
  • I will be back by 6 o’clock.
  • By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.

Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)

English Usage Example
  • in
  • room, building, street, town, country
  • book, paper etc.
  • car, taxi
  • picture, world
  • in the kitchen, in London
  • in the book
  • in the car, in a taxi
  • in the picture, in the world
  • at
  • meaning next to, by an object
  • for table
  • for events
  • place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)
  • at the door, at the station
  • at the table
  • at a concert, at the party
  • at the cinema, at school, at work
  • on
  • attached
  • for a place with a river
  • being on a surface
  • for a certain side (left, right)
  • for a floor in a house
  • for public transport
  • for television, radio
  • the picture on the wall
  • London lies on the Thames.
  • on the table
  • on the left
  • on the first floor
  • on the bus, on a plane
  • on TV, on the radio
  • by, next to, beside
  • left or right of somebody or something
  • Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
  • under
  • on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else
  • the bag is under the table
  • below
  • lower than something else but above ground
  • the fish are below the surface
  • over
  • covered by something else
  • meaning more than
  • getting to the other side (also across)
  • overcoming an obstacle
  • put a jacket over your shirt
  • over 16 years of age
  • walk over the bridge
  • climb over the wall
  • above
  • higher than something else, but not directly over it
  • a path above the lake
  • across
  • getting to the other side (also over)
  • getting to the other side
  • walk across the bridge
  • swim across the lake
  • through
  • something with limits on top, bottom and the sides
  • drive through the tunnel
  • to
  • movement to person or building
  • movement to a place or country
  • for bed
  • go to the cinema
  • go to London / Ireland
  • go to bed
  • into
  • enter a room / a building
  • go into the kitchen / the house
  • towards
  • movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it)
  • go 5 steps towards the house
  • onto
  • movement to the top of something
  • jump onto the table
  • from
  • in the sense of where from
  • a flower from the garden

Other important Prepositions

English Usage Example
  • from
  • who gave it
  • a present from Jane
  • of
  • who/what does it belong to
  • what does it show
  • a page of the book
  • the picture of a palace
  • by
  • who made it
  • a book by Mark Twain
  • on
  • walking or riding on horseback
  • entering a public transport vehicle
  • on foot, on horseback
  • get on the bus
  • in
  • entering a car  / Taxi
  • get in the car
  • off
  • leaving a public transport vehicle
  • get off the train
  • out of
  • leaving a car  / Taxi
  • get out of the taxi
  • by
  • rise or fall of something
  • travelling (other than walking or horseriding)
  • prices have risen by 10 percent
  • by car, by bus
  • at
  • for age
  • she learned Russian at 45
  • about
  • for topics, meaning what about
  • we were talking about you

Friday, December 28, 2012

Stative and Dynamic Verbs

building blocksStative and Dynamic Verbs

Introduction

Verbs in English can be classified into two categories: stative verbs and dynamic verbs. Dynamic verbs (sometimes referred to as "action verbs") usually describe actions we can take, or things that happen; stative verbs usually refer to a state or condition which is not changing or likely to change. The difference is important, because stative verbs cannot normally be used in the continuous (BE + ING) forms. This will explain the differences between the two types of verb, and give lots of examples of each kind.

Dynamic verbs

There are many types of dynamic verbs, but most of them describe activities or events which can begin and finish. Here are some examples:
Dynamic Verb Type Examples
play activity She plays tennis every Friday.
She's playing tennis right now.
melt process The snow melts every spring.
The snow is melting right now
hit momentary action When one boxer hits another, brain damage can result. (This suggests only ONE punch.)
When one boxer is hitting another, brain damage can result. (This suggests MANY repeated punches.)
Dynamic verbs, as you can see from the table above, can be used in the simple and perfect forms (plays, played, has played, had played) as well as the continuous or progressive forms (is playing, was playing, has been playing, had been playing).

Stative verbs

Stative verbs usually refer to a state or condition which is quite static or unchanging. They can be divided into verbs of perception or cognition (which refer to things in the mind), or verbs of relation (which describe the relationships between things). Here are some examples:
Stative Verb Type Examples
hate perception I hate chocolate.
believe perception She believes in UFOs.
contain relation The box contains 24 cans of soda.
own relation Yong owns three motorbikes.
Note that we CANNOT use these verbs in the continuous (progressive) forms; you CAN'T say "*Yong is owning three cars." Owning is a state, not an action, so it is always in the simple form.

Example verbs

Here some common stative and dynamic verbs. The lists may help you to understand what types of verbs are likely to be stative and what types are commonly dynamic.
Stative Verbs love; hate; like; see; hear; sound; think (meaning "have an opinion"); mind (meaning "care about"); recognize; seem; have (meaning "own"); prefer; doubt; consist of; mean
Dynamic Verbs eat; drink; go; type; read; write; listen; speak; watch; say; grow; work; sleep; cook; talk
Dynamic verbs, as you can see from the table above, can be used in the simple and perfect forms (plays, played, has played, had played) as well as the continuous or progressive forms (is playing, was playing, has been playing, had been playing).
When you are sure that you understand the lesson, you can continue with the exercises.

Stative and Dynamic Verbs 1

Decide whether each verb is normally stative or dynamic.

Click on the button beside the correct answer.
  1. paint
    1.   stative
    2.   dynamic
  2. believe
    1.   stative
    2.   dynamic
  3. read
    1.   stative
    2.   dynamic
  4. want
    1.   stative
    2.   dynamic
  5. understand
    1.   stative
    2.   dynamic
  6. jump
    1.   stative
    2.   dynamic
  7. smell (for example "This fish smells funny.")
    1.   stative
    2.   dynamic
  8. remember
    1.   stative
    2.   dynamic
  9. seem
    1.   stative
    2.   dynamic
  10. change
    1.   stative
    2.   dynamic
    3. Stative and Dynamic Verbs 2

      This exercise is like a TOEFL test exercise. Each sentence has four underlined sections; your task is to identify the section with a grammar mistake — in other words, the section which is wrong.

Click on the button beside the correct answer.
  1. I don't understand stative and dynamic verbs. They seem very confusing. I am hating them, because they are driving me crazy!
    1.   don't understand
    2.   are driving
    3.   am hating
    4.   seem
  2. I play tennis every Tuesday. Last week, I was playing with John, a man I am knowing from work, when a bird flew into the tennis net.
    1.   am knowing
    2.   flew
    3.   was playing
    4.   play
  3. While Keiko was fixing the car, I was making the supper. By six o'clock I had been working for eight hours, so I was needing a good meal.
    1.   was fixing
    2.   was needing
    3.   was making
    4.   had been working
  4. When I called Sarah, she said she watched TV, so she didn't want to come out with me, so I went to the pub alone.
    1.   went
    2.   didn't want
    3.   called
    4.   watched
  5. Mohammed owns two different houses. He likes to live in his house by the sea when the weather is good, but in the winter he is preferring to live in the city.
    1.   owns
    2.   is preferring
    3.   likes
    4.   is

"It" and "There"

"It" and "There"

Type all the correct answers in the gaps. Complete the sentences using "there" or "it" and the verb "to be". Use words such as, "there is", "it is", "is there", "is it", "there was", "it was", and "was it".

If you see a star before the number, the sentence is a question. Type all your answers and click on "Check answers". Use capital letters at the beginning of the sentence. If you need help, you can click on "Show a letter" to get a free letter.

1. many Japanese students in our class.
2. a long way from UVic to downtown.
3. cold today.
4. a beautiful flower in the garden.
5. raining today.
*6. many people in your family?
*7. a test last week?
8. a car outside. red.
*9. nice yesterday?
10. expensive to shop at the Bay.
11. a storm coming.
12. cloudy today.

Sunday, December 23, 2012

Phrasal Verbs using Do

  do up- make something look good. Melissa did up her makeup before she went to the dance.
do (something) over- do again. You didn't get a good grade on the homework assignment. You need to do it over.
do (someone) in- kill someone (real or imaginary). The robbers tried to steal my money and then do me in.
do (someone) good- be good for someone. I know you don't want to learn Latin, but it will do you good in the future.
do without (something)- live without something. We didn't bring enough money to the store so we are going to have to do without the snacks.
do away with- stop having something. The school is going to do away with uniforms. Nobody likes them.
do well for (oneself)- become successful. Danny has really done well for himself. He owns 5 restaurants.


Check Your Understanding
Choose the best answer.

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Go + noun



Look at the sentences. For most sentences we use go to (somewhere)...
I will go to the store.
I will go to the bank.
I will go to the park.

BUT… when you talk about home or shopping, don't use to.
I will go home. Do not say- I will go to home.
I will go shopping. Do not say- I will go to shopping.
Now you try…

Use "to" if it is needed or "x" if nothing is needed.
Karen needed to go _____ class. But she decided to go ____ shopping instead. So first she went _____ the bank to get money. Next she went _____ a restaurant. Then she went _____ a huge shopping mall where she bought a new sweater and a hat. After that she decided to go ____ the supermarket go get some groceries. At the end of the day, she was tired, so she went _____ home and fell asleep.
Answers
Karen needed to go to class. But she decided to go (X) shopping instead. So first she went to a restaurant. Then she went to a huge shopping mall where she bought a new sweater and a hat. After that she decided to go to the supermarket to get some groceries. At the end of the day she was tired, so she went (X) home and fell asleep.

Irregular Past Tense Verbs



As you probably know, most past tense verbs in English end with "-ed." But many do not. Many don't follow the rule. They are called Irregular Verbs. How well do you know your past tense verbs? Change the sentences below. Use the past tense form of the verb.
1. Wow, you _____(bring) me some flowers!
2. I'm so sorry, I _____(forget) your birthday.
3. Melanie ____(hide) the present from her sister.
4. The children _____(take) their schoolwork home.
5. John _____(sleep) in class.
6. The mother _____(hit) the child on the leg.
7. Tony _____(read) about South Africa.
8. Alisa was tired so she _____(lie) down.
9. Thomas _____(lay) the book on the coffee table.
10. My parents _____(catch) a cold when they went skiing.

Answers
1. brought
2. forgot
3 hid
4. took
5. brought
6. hit
7. slept
8. lay*
9. laid*
10. caught
* These are difficult words to remember. Many native English speakers get them confused and use them incorrectly. Look at this:
lie, lay, lain (present tense, past tense, present perfect tense) To lie means to put oneself down. Examples- I'm tired. I'm going to lie down. Yesterday I lay down in the forest.
lay, laid, laid (present tense, past tense, present perfect tense) To lay means to put something else down (like put.) Examples- Lay that fork on the table. She laid the blanket on the bed.
If you didn't answer the above questions 100% correctly, I suggest you study irregular past tense verbs a little more.

Confused about confusing language?



How do you know when something is confused or confusing? When the movie wasn't so great, was I bored or boring? Does it make a difference if I tell my friend he's annoyed or annoying?
It does. And there's an easy way to know which one to choose.
Words that end with -ed talk about a person's feelings.
Examples-
  1. John was so bored on his date. He really wanted to leave.
  2. Karen was annoyed with her employee. This employee was always late.
  3. Curt was confused about the new rules. They were very complicated.
  4. The children were excited about the school trip.
  5. Melanie was surprised to get a gift.
  6. The class was interested in the game.
*****
Words that end with -ing, however, talk about the situation or thing that cause a person's feelings.
Examples-
  1. The date was really boring. John wanted to leave.
  2. The employee was annoying. He was always late.
  3. The rules were confusing. They were complicated.
  4. The school trip was exciting.
  5. The gift was surprising.
  6. The game was interesting.
So ...
bullet
John was bored/ the date was boring
bullet
Karen was annoyed/ the employee was annoying
bullet
Curt was confused/ the rules were confusing
bullet
The children were excited/ the school trip was exciting
bullet
Melanie was surprised/ the gift was surprising.
bullet
The class was interested/ the game was interesting

Questions- Choose the correct word
1. I always feel excited/exciting when I take a vacation.
2. The news was very interested/ interesting.
3. Everyone was surprised/ surprising when Tom Cruise came to the party.
4. Teri is always so confused/ confusing when she reads English.
5. That loud TV is so annoyed/ annoying.
6. When I am in the office, I am bored/ boring.
Answers
1. excited (person's feeling)
2. interesting (situation that caused the feeling)
3. surprised (person's feeling)
4. confused (person's feeling)
5. annoying (situation that caused the feeling)
6. This is a trick question-
If you say "I am bored," you don't feel happy or excited.
If you say "I am boring," other people feel bored because of you.

See, Look at, and Watch

Do you know the difference between see, look at, and watch?
See is an inactive word. When your eyes are open, you do it without thinking. Example- I see a car near the store.
Look at is an active word. You must want to do it. But it is for a short time. Example- Look at this dress.
Watch is also an active word. You must want to do it but it is for a longer period of time. Example- Let's watch television.

Check Your Understanding
Choose the correct word (see, look at, or watch.) Click the box to see the correct answer. 1. Do you want to a movie with me tonight?
2. Please the clock and tell me what time it is.
3. I like to go to the zoo and the animals while they are playing.*
4. How many things do you in this office?
5. I want to that sweater again. Maybe I will buy it.
*Remember, this means it is a long time.
Hear and Listen to

Hear- you do this without thinking. It is inactive. Example- When I leave my home every morning, I hear the birds singing in the trees.
Listen to- this is an active word. You must think about what you are doing. Example- I really listen to my husband when he tells me about his day.
Use hear or listen to in the following sentences. Use the arrows the see the correct answers.
  1. Joanna wanted to her favorite radio show.
2. Sorry, I didn't you come in. You are so quiet.

3. Can you the sound of the ocean?

4. It is hard to the teacher when I feel tired.

5. this story. It's about a king and a frog.
It's and Its
Lots of people get confused about the spelling of it's and its. It's really quite simple. Remember, the means there is a contraction. Two words have been put together to make one word, and the is placed where one or more letters have been taken out.
For example- she + is = she's. And does + not = doesn't.
So- It's = it + is or sometimes It's = it + has (you will know by the context which one it is.)
Now how about its? This is a possessive. Remember that a possessive is a word that shows who or what owns something.
For example- This is the girl's coat. This is her coat.
Or- Joey and Melissa's friend is here. Their friend is here.
So- The book's pages are green. Its pages are green.

You try. Fill in the blanks using it's or its. Use the arrows to see the correct answers.
1. Look at this table. leg is broken.
2. Come on, time to go home now.Beehive
3. Nice to see you. been a long time.
4. This is a bee. A beehive is home.
5. What is that? a kind of game. This is box.

Tag Questions



A tag question is one where a statement is made, but the speaker wants a response from the listener. Like- Today's lesson is hard, isn't it? or The kids can't sing that song, can they?
First of all, to understand tag questions, you need to know about affirmative and negative sentences.
Do you know what an affirmative sentence is? It is like this: Mary is at home. or The students work hard.
Do you know what a negative sentence is? It is like this: Mary isn't at home. or The students don't work hard.
Then, you need to know that if the sentence is affirmative, the tag will be negative. And if the sentence is negative, the tag will be positive.
And finally, you need to think about the kind of verb used in the sentence. Does it use a modal, like can or will or a form of to be? Your tag question will follow the verb in the sentence. If it is a regular verb, don't forget it uses do, don't, does, doesn't when a question is asked.

Examples Affirmative Sentence/ Negative Tag
Toshi likes fishing, doesn't he?
Susan is sick today, isn't she?
Mike can play the piano, can't he?
You will go there, won't you?

Negative Sentence/ Affirmative Tag
Andrew doesn't study much, does he?
The dogs aren't hungry, are they?
She can't cook, can she?
You won't see her, will you?


You try it
Write the correct answer in the box. Check your answers by clicking on the arrows. 1. It's going to rain, ?

2. Mike is home, ?

3. Sally doesn't have a car, ?

4. You can sing well, ?

5. Mia can't swim, ?

6. She has homework today, ?

7. Isaac isn't sick, ?

8. You guys aren't going shopping, ?

9. Harry will watch TV, ?

10. You won't go, ?